Mail Server Debian 13

Dari Dokumentasi Robie
Loncat ke navigasi Loncat ke pencarian

TUTORIAL INSTALASI MAIL SERVER

Debian 13 di Proxmox CT

Komponen yang Dipelajari:

Apache2

BIND9

Postfix

Dovecot

Roundcube

Spesifikasi Lab:

HDD 8 GB | RAM 512 MB | Proxmox Container | IP: 192.168.111.103 (sesuai ip yang didapatkan)

🎯 TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN

Setelah mengikuti tutorial ini, siswa mampu:

  1. Memahami arsitektur dasar mail server
  2. Menginstal dan mengkonfigurasi layanan DNS, SMTP, IMAP, dan Webmail
  3. Menguji koneksi email menggunakan Telnet
  4. Melakukan troubleshooting dasar jika terjadi error

📦 PERSIAPAN AWAL

Spesifikasi Server

Komponen Spesifikasi Minimum
Proxmox VE Versi 8.x (Container Mode)
OS Guest Debian 13 (Trixie) 64-bit
Storage 8 GB HDD
RAM 512 MB + Swap 512 MB
IP Address 192.168.111.103/24
Domain belajar.local
Hostname mailserver.belajar.local

Langkah 1: Buat Container di Proxmox

  1. Buka Proxmox Web UI: https://IP-PROXMOX:8006
  2. Download template Debian 13: Datacenter → Node → local → CT Templates
  3. Klik Create CT dan isi:
Parameter Nilai Contoh
CT ID 101 (sesuai dengan CT yang sudah ada)
Hostname mailserver
Template debian-13-standard
Disk 8 GB
CPU 1 core
RAM 512 MB
Swap 512 MB (wajib!)
Network IP Static: 192.168.111.103/24 (sesuai IP yang didapatkan masing-masing

Langkah 2: Masuk ke Container & Update Sistem

# Masuk ke console container
apt update && apt upgrade -y

# Install paket dasar
apt install -y curl wget nano net-tools dnsutils ufw rsyslog

Langkah 3: Set Hostname & Swap

# Set hostname
hostnamectl set-hostname mailserver

# Edit file hosts
nano /etc/hosts

Isi file /etc/hosts: 

127.0.0.1       localhost
192.168.111.103   mailserver.belajar.local   mailserver
001-etc-hosts.jpg

🔧 BAGIAN 1: INSTALASI DNS SERVER (BIND9)

Langkah 1: Install BIND9

apt install -y bind9 bind9utils dnsutils

Langkah 2: Konfigurasi named.conf.options

nano /etc/bind/named.conf.options

Isi dengan: 

options {
    directory "/var/cache/bind";
    forwarders { 8.8.8.8; 8.8.4.4; };
    dnssec-validation auto;
    listen-on { any; };
    allow-query { any; };
    recursion yes;
};
002-etc-bind-named-conf-options.jpg

Langkah 3: Konfigurasi Zone Domain

nano /etc/bind/named.conf.local

Tambahkan: 

zone "belajar.local" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.belajar.local";
};
zone "111.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/db.192.168.111";
};
003-etc-bind-named-conf-local.jpg

Langkah 4: Buat File Zone Forward

nano /etc/bind/db.belajar.local

Isi file: 

$TTL    604800
@   IN  SOA mailserver.belajar.local. root.belajar.local. (
                2024010101 ; Serial
                604800 ; Refresh
                86400  ; Retry
                2419200 ; Expire
                604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@       IN  NS  mailserver.belajar.local.
@       IN  A   192.168.111.103
@       IN  MX 10 mailserver.belajar.local.
mailserver IN A 192.168.111.103
mail       IN A 192.168.111.103
www        IN A 192.168.111.103
004-etc-bind-db-belajar-local.jpg

Langkah 5: Buat File Zone Reverse

nano /etc/bind/db.192.168.111

Isi file: 

$TTL    604800
@   IN  SOA mailserver.belajar.local. root.belajar.local. (
                2024010101 ; Serial
                604800 ; Refresh
                86400  ; Retry
                2419200 ; Expire
                604800 ) ; Negative Cache TTL
;
@   IN  NS  mailserver.belajar.local.
103 IN  PTR mailserver.belajar.local.
005-etc-bind-db-192168111.jpg

Langkah 6: Set DNS Lokal & Restart

# Set DNS ke server sendiri
nano /etc/resolv.conf

Isi: 

nameserver 192.168.111.103
search belajar.local
006-etc-resolv-conf.jpg 
# Cek konfigurasi
named-checkconf
named-checkzone belajar.local /etc/bind/db.belajar.local

# Restart BIND9
systemctl restart bind9
systemctl enable bind9

# Tes DNS
nslookup mailserver.belajar.local
dig MX belajar.local
007-cek-konfigurasi-named-checkzone-belajar-local.jpg
008-nslookup-maiserver-belajar-local.jpg
009-dig-mx-belajar-local.jpg

BAGIAN 2: INSTALASI WEB SERVER & DATABASE

Langkah 1: Install Apache2

apt install -y apache2
systemctl start apache2
systemctl enable apache2

Langkah 2: Install PHP dan Modul

apt install -y php php-cli php-common php-curl php-gd php-intl \
    php-json php-mbstring php-mysql php-xml php-zip libapache2-mod-php

Cek PHP sudah terinstall: 

php -v

Langkah 3: Install MariaDB

apt install -y mariadb-server mariadb-client
systemctl start mariadb
systemctl enable mariadb

Langkah 4: Buat Database untuk Roundcube

mysql -u root -p (enter)

biarkan Password tetap kosong, langsung tekan Enter saja.

Masukkan perintah SQL: 

CREATE DATABASE roundcubemail CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
CREATE USER 'roundcube'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password123';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON roundcubemail.* TO 'roundcube'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

Langkah 5: Aktifkan Modul Apache

a2enmod rewrite ssl headers
systemctl restart apache2

BAGIAN 3: INSTALASI SMTP SERVER (POSTFIX)

Langkah 1: Install Postfix

apt install -y postfix mailutils

Saat muncul dialog:

  1. Pilih: Internet Site
  2. System mail name: belajar.local

Langkah 2: Konfigurasi main.cf

nano /etc/postfix/main.cf

Tambahkan/ubah konfigurasi berikut: 

# Identitas server
myhostname = mailserver.belajar.local
mydomain = belajar.local
myorigin = $mydomain

# Jaringan
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = ipv4
mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, $mydomain, localhost
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 192.168.111.0/24

# Format mailbox
home_mailbox = Maildir/

# Autentikasi via Dovecot
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous

# Keamanan relay
smtpd_recipient_restrictions =
    permit_sasl_authenticated,
    permit_mynetworks,
    reject_unauth_destination

# Optimasi untuk RAM rendah
default_process_limit = 10
smtpd_client_connection_rate_limit = 30
010-nano-etc-postfix-main-cf.jpg

Langkah 3: Aktifkan Port Submission

nano /etc/postfix/master.cf

Cari baris submission dan hapus tanda #: 

submission inet n       -       y       -       -       smtpd
  -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
  -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
  -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
  -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
011-nano-etc-postfix-master-cf.jpg

Langkah 4: Restart Postfix

systemctl restart postfix
systemctl enable postfix

# Cek port sudah terbuka
ss -tlnp | grep -E ':25|:587'
012-restart-postfix.jpg

BAGIAN 4: INSTALASI IMAP SERVER (DOVECOT)

Langkah 1: Install Dovecot

apt install -y dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d

Langkah 2: Konfigurasi Protokol

nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf

Ubah baris: 

protocols = imap pop3
013-nano-etc-dovecot-conf.jpg

Langkah 3: Konfigurasi Format Mail

nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf

Cari dan ubah: 

mail_path = maildir:~/Maildir
014-etc-dovecot-conf-d-10-mail-conf.jpg

Langkah 4: Konfigurasi Autentikasi

nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf

Pastikan baris ini aktif (tanpa tanda #): 

!include auth-system.conf.ext
015-etc-dovecot-conf-d-10-auth-conf.jpg

Langkah 5: Konfigurasi Socket untuk Postfix

nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf

Cari bagian service auth dan pastikan seperti ini: 

service auth {
  unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
    mode = 0660
    user = postfix
    group = postfix
  }
}

Langkah 6: Restart Dovecot

# Restart Dovecot dulu
systemctl restart dovecot
systemctl enable dovecot

# Lalu restart Postfix
systemctl restart postfix

# Cek port
ss -tlnp | grep -E ':110|:143'

👤 BAGIAN 5: MEMBUAT AKUN EMAIL

Buat User Email

# Buat user1
adduser --shell /sbin/nologin user1
# Masukkan password saat diminta

# Buat user2
adduser --shell /sbin/nologin user2

# Buat folder Maildir
mkdir -p /home/user1/Maildir/{new,cur,tmp}
chown -R user1:user1 /home/user1/Maildir

mkdir -p /home/user2/Maildir/{new,cur,tmp}
chown -R user2:user2 /home/user2/Maildir

💡 Info:

🧪 BAGIAN 6: PENGUJIAN DENGAN TELNET

Langkah 1: Install Telnet

apt install -y telnet

Langkah 2: Tes Kirim Email via SMTP

telnet 192.168.111.103 25

Jika berhasil, akan muncul: 

220 mailserver.belajar.local ESMTP Postfix

Ketik perintah berikut satu per satu: 

EHLO belajar.local
MAIL FROM:<[email protected]>
RCPT TO:<[email protected]>
DATA

Kemudian ketik isi email: 

From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: Hallo dari user1

Halo user2, ini email percobaan kita!
Semoga berhasil ya!
.

⚠️ Penting: Titik (.) di baris terakhir harus sendiri, tanpa spasi!

Lanjutkan: 

QUIT

Langkah 3: Cek Email Masuk

ls /home/user2/Maildir/new/

Jika muncul file, email berhasil diterima! 

# Lihat isi email
cat /home/user2/Maildir/new/*

Langkah 4: Tes IMAP

telnet 192.168.111.103 143

Harus muncul: * OK Dovecot ready 

a LOGIN user2 passworduser2
b SELECT INBOX
d LOGOUT

🌍 BAGIAN 7: INSTALASI WEBMAIL (ROUNDCUBE)

Langkah 1: Download Roundcube

cd /var/www/html
wget https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/releases/download/1.6.6/roundcubemail-1.6.6-complete.tar.gz
tar xzf roundcubemail-1.6.6-complete.tar.gz
mv roundcubemail-1.6.6 roundcube
rm roundcubemail-1.6.6-complete.tar.gz

Langkah 2: Set Permission

chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/roundcube
chmod -R 755 /var/www/html/roundcube
chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/roundcube/temp
chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/roundcube/logs

Langkah 3: Konfigurasi Apache

nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/roundcube.conf

Isi: 

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerName mail.belajar.local
    DocumentRoot /var/www/html/roundcube
    <Directory /var/www/html/roundcube>
        Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Aktifkan site: 

a2ensite roundcube.conf
a2dissite 000-default.conf
systemctl reload apache2

Langkah 4: Import Database Roundcube

mysql -u roundcube -p roundcubemail < /var/www/html/roundcube/SQL/mysql.initial.sql

Langkah 5: Setup via Browser

  1. Buka browser: http://192.168.111.103/roundcube/installer
  2. Ikuti wizard setup
  3. Konfigurasi database:
    1. Server: localhost
    2. Database: roundcubemail
    3. User: roundcube
    4. Password: password123 (sesuai yang dibuat tadi)
  4. Konfigurasi IMAP: localhost, port 143
  5. Konfigurasi SMTP: localhost, port 25
  6. Klik Create config → Initialize database

Langkah 6: Hapus Folder Installer

rm -rf /var/www/html/roundcube/installer

Langkah 7: Akses Webmail

Buka browser: http://192.168.111.103/roundcube Login dengan:

  • Username: user1 atau user2
  • Password: (sesuai password user Linux)

🔍 TROUBLESHOOTING DASAR

Mail Server Tidak Bisa Dikirim

# Cek log Postfix
journalctl -u postfix --no-pager | tail -20

# Cek antrian email
mailq

# Flush antrian
postqueue -f

Dovecot Tidak Bisa Login

# Cek log Dovecot
journalctl -u dovecot --no-pager | tail -20

# Cek konfigurasi
doveconf -n | head -20

DNS Tidak Resolve

# Cek konfigurasi BIND
named-checkconf
named-checkzone belajar.local /etc/bind/db.belajar.local

# Restart BIND
systemctl restart bind9

Perintah Berguna untuk Siswa

# Cek status semua layanan
systemctl status bind9 apache2 mariadb postfix dovecot

# Restart semua layanan
systemctl restart bind9 apache2 mariadb postfix dovecot

# Monitor log realtime
journalctl -f

# Tambah user email baru
adduser --shell /sbin/nologin namauser
mkdir -p /home/namauser/Maildir/{new,cur,tmp}
chown -R namauser:namauser /home/namauser/Maildir

📋 CHECKLIST AKHIR

No Pengujian Perintah Hasil OK
1 DNS aktif systemctl is-active bind9 active
2 MX record dig MX belajar.local mailserver.belajar.local
3 Apache aktif systemctl is-active apache2 active
4 Database aktif systemctl is-active mariadb active
5 Postfix aktif systemctl is-active postfix active
6 Port 25 terbuka grep :25 LISTEN
7 Dovecot aktif systemctl is-active dovecot active
8 Port 143 terbuka grep :143 LISTEN
9 Kirim email Telnet telnet localhost 25 220 banner muncul
10 Email masuk ls /home/user2/Maildir/new/ ada file
11 Webmail bisa diakses Browser ke /roundcube halaman login muncul

🎓 TUGAS PRAKTIKUM

  1. ✅ Instal mail server sesuai tutorial ini
  2. ✅ Buat 3 akun email: siswa1, siswa2, guru
  3. ✅ Kirim email dari siswa1 ke siswa2 via Telnet
  4. ✅ Verifikasi email masuk ke Maildir siswa2
  5. ✅ Login ke webmail Roundcube dengan akun guru
  6. ✅ Kirim email via webmail dari guru ke siswa1
  7. ✅ Dokumentasikan setiap langkah dengan screenshot
  8. ✅ Buat laporan praktikum dalam format PDF

📚 REFERENSI

— Tutorial Mail Server untuk SMK TKJ — Edisi Pemula — Dibuat untuk pembelajaran praktikum Administrasi Infrastruktur Jaringan

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki.robiehakim.my.id/index.php?title=Mail_Server_Debian_13&oldid=2374"